Dark Patterns

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Last week, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) published a set of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) aimed at helping businesses and consumers understand the agency’s Rule on Unfair or Deceptive Fees, which takes effect on May 12, 2025. The new guidance signals the FTC’s continued focus on ensuring price transparency in industries where hidden fees have become common—and increasingly controversial.

The rule, which the commission approved in a 4-1 vote in December 2024, is designed to curb misleading fee practices, particularly in the live-event ticketing and short-term lodging sectors. The rule is also part of a broader effort to implement President Donald Trump’s Executive Order on Combating Unfair Practices in the Live Entertainment Market.Continue Reading FTC Staff Issues Guidance Ahead of New Rule Targeting Deceptive Fees

This week, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued its long-awaited Final Rule on Unfair or Deceptive Fees. When the FTC released the proposed rule over a year ago, the rule covered any business that offered goods or services for sale. The Commission largely narrowed the rule’s application, which now focuses on live-event tickets and short-term lodging (defined as a hotel, motel, inn, short-term rental, vacation rental, or other place of lodging).

The Final Rule also covers third-party travel service providers, including online travel agencies and travel advisors. The FTC did not shed much light on its reasoning, but Republican Commissioner Melissa Holyoak’s concurring statement on the overly broad scope of the earlier version provides some indication of an effort to make the rule more palatable to the incoming Congress, which could repeal the rule through the Congressional Review Act.Continue Reading FTC Issues Scaled-Back Final Fee Rule Targeting Live-Event Tickets and Short-Term Lodging

Not to be left behind by other regulators, the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) recently issued an enforcement advisory on “dark patterns” in the context of the notice and consent required under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). As we’ve previously discussed, dark patterns are a subset of “deceptive marketing” and are also known as “deceptive design patterns.” The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) released a report in 2022 outlining the various methods companies employ, such as “making it difficult for consumers to cancel subscriptions or charges, burying key terms or junk fees, and tricking consumers into sharing their data.”

The scrutiny of dark patterns has only intensified since then, and states like California are jumping in. The CCPA defines dark patterns as “[u]ser interfaces or choice architectures that have the substantial effect of subverting or impairing a consumer’s autonomy, decision making, or choice” and says consumer agreement obtained through dark patterns does not constitute consent. The CPPA advises companies seeking to obtain consumer information to use language that is easy to understand and to avoid technical or legal jargon.Continue Reading California Privacy Protection Agency Warns Businesses Against “Dark Patterns” and Urges “Symmetry in Choice”

The Ninth Circuit has never been shy about declining to compel arbitration, and the Court has issued multiple cases outlining what constitutes sufficient notice of certain provisions in consumer-facing terms and conditions, including website terms and conditions.

Just last year, in Berman v. Freedom Financial Network LLC, the Court agreed that a motion to compel arbitration should be denied where the plaintiff alleged that he did not see a notice stating, “I understand and agree to the Terms & Conditions which includes mandatory arbitration.”

The Court noted that the text that purported to notify users that they were agreeing to a mandatory arbitration provision was displayed “in a tiny gray font considerably smaller than the font used in the surrounding website elements, and indeed in a font so small that it is barely legible to the naked eye.” The Court further criticized how the notice was “further deemphasized by the overall design of the webpage, in which other visual elements draw the user’s attention away from the barely readable critical text.”Continue Reading Ninth Circuit Rejects Dark Patterns Challenge to Arbitration Agreement

When it comes to negative options, the CFPB has strong opinions. As demonstrated in its new circular, these opinions generally align with those of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has repeatedly targeted trial offers, subscription sales, and other programs involving recurring charges for enforcement. The circular reaffirms the CFPB’s focus—shared with the FTC—on combating digital dark patterns used to engage in unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, especially when those techniques are combined with negative option marketing.

In an upcoming webinar on March 1, 2023 (RSVP here), Venable will be presenting an in-depth analysis of the CFPB’s circular, as well as CFPB and FTC enforcement actions and private litigation based on purportedly unlawful negative option marketing. For those who can’t wait, we’ve summarized the highlights of the circular below.Continue Reading The CFPB Joins the FTC on Negative Option Marketing and Dark Patterns in New Circular